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Bulletin  258  June,  1924      £-  <■ 


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CONNECTICUT 
AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 


NEW  HAVEN,  CONN. 


Report  on  Commercial 
Insecticides  and  Fungicides 


I.  TEXT  OF  THE  INSECTICIDE  LAW  OF  CONNECTICUT 

AND  REGULATIONS  FOR  ITS  ENFORCEMENT. 

II.  EXAMINATION    OF    INSECTICIDES,    FUNGICIDES, 

ETC. 


CONTENTS. 

Page 

Rules  and  Regulations 363 

Text  of  the  Law 365 

Classification  of  Materials  Examined 368 

Methods  of  Analysis 369 

Results  of  Inspection: 

Arsenate  of  Lead 369. 

Casein  Spreaders 369 

Copper  Dusts 370 

Sulphur  Preparations 370 

Nicotine  Products 371 

Tobacco 372 

Analyses  of  Healthy  and  Diseased  Leaves  .  .  .  372 

Lime  for  Spraying 373 

Miscellaneous  Materials 373 


The   Bulletins   of  this  Station   are  mailed  free  to  citizens  of  Connecticut 
who  apply  for  them,  and  to  other  applicants  as  far  as  the  editions  permit. 


CONNECTICUT  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

OFFICERS  AND  STAFF 
June,   1924. 


BOARD  OF  CONTROL. 

His  Excellency,  Charles  A.  Templeton,  ex-officio,  President. 

George  A.  Hopson,  Secretary Mount  Carmel 

Wm.  L.  Slate,  Jr.,  Director  and  Treasurer New  Haven 

Joseph  W.  Alsop Avon 

Charles  R.  Treat Orange 

Elijah  Rogers Southington 

Edward  C.  Schneider Middletown 

Francis  F.  Lincoln Cheshire 

STAFF. 
E.   H.  Jenkins,   Ph.D.,  Director  Emeritus. 


Administration . 


Chemistry. 
Analytical 
Laboratory. 


Biochemical 
Laboratory. 

Botany. 


Entomology. 


Wm.  L.  Slate,  Jr.,  B.Sc,  Director  and  Treasurer. 
Miss  L.  M.  Brautlecht,  Bookkeeper  and  Librarian. 
Miss  J.  V.  Berger,  Stenographer  and  Bookkeeper. 
Miss  Mary  Bradley,  Secretary. 
William  Veitch,  In  Charge  of  Buildings  and  Grounds. 


Assistant  Chemists. 


Forestry. 

Plant  Breeding. 
Soil  Research. 


E.  M.  Bailey,  Ph.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 

R.  E.  Andrew,  M.A. 

C.  E.  Shepard 

Owen  L.  Nolan 

Harry  J.  Fisher,  A.B. 

Frank  C.  Sheldon,  Laboratory  Assistant. 

V.  L.  Churchill,  Sampling  Agent. 

Miss  Mabel  Bacon,  Stenographer. 

T.  B.  Osborne,  Ph.D.,  Sc.D.,  Chemist  in  Charge. 


G.  P.  Clinton,  Sc.D.,  Botanist  in  Charge. 

E.  M.  Stoddard,  B.S.,  Pomologist. 

Miss  Florence  A.  McCormick,  Ph.D.,  Pathologist. 

G.  E.  Graham,  General  Assistant. 

Mrs.  W.  W.  Kelsey,  Secretary. 

W.  E.  Britton,  Ph.D., Entomologist  in  Charge;  State  Entomologist 

B.  H.  Walden,  B.Agr.      ) 

M.  P.  Zappe,  B.S.  ,     .  ,     ,  _,   ,        ,     .  , 

Philip  Garman,  Ph.D.       f     Assistant  Entomologists. 

Roger  B.  Friend,  B.S.      J 

John  T.  Ashworth,  Deputy  in  Charge  of  Gipsy  Moth  Work. 

R.  C.  Botsford,  Deputy  in  Charge  of  Mosquito  Elimination. 

Miss  Gladys  M.  Finley,  Stenographer. 

Walter  O.   Filley,  Forester  in  Charge. 
A.  E.  Moss,  M.F.,  Assistant  Forester. 
H.  W.  Hicock,  M.F.,  Assistant  Forester. 
Miss  Pauline  A.  Merchant,  Stenographer. 


Donald  F.  Jones,  S.D.,  Geneticist  in  Charge. 
P.  C.  Mangelsdorf,  M.S.,  Assistant. 


M.  F.  Morgan,  M.S.,  Investigator . 


Tobacco   Sub-Station    N.  T.  Nelson,  Ph.D.,  Plant  Physiologist. 
at  Windsor. 


The  Wilson  H.  Lee  Co. 


Rules   and   Regulations   for  Carrying  Out 

the  Provisions  of  the  Insecticide 

and  Fungicide  Law. 

By  authority  of  Section  5  of  the  Insecticide  and  Fungicide  Act, 
Chapter  258,  Public  Acts  of  1923,  the  following  rules  and  regula- 
tions have  been  adopted  for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the 
act. 

As  further  provided  in  said  Section  these  rules  and  regulations 
conform,  so  far  as  possible,  to  those  laid  down  by  the  Secretary 
of  Agriculture  of  the  United  States  for  the  enforcement  of  the 
Federal  Insecticide  Act. 

Sections  cited  under  each  regulation  refer  to  the  section  of  the 
State  law  wherein  the  term  defined,  or  the  clause  interpreted, 
occurs;  and  the  citation  following  each  regulation  refers  to  the 
Federal  regulation  which  corresponds  thereto. 

Wm.  L.  Slate,  Jr. 

Director  of  the  Conn.  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station. 

Thomas  Holt. 

Dairy  and  Food  Commissioner. 

Regulation  1.     Original  Unbroken  Package. 

(Section  5.) 

The  term  "original  unbroken  package"  as  used  in  Section  5 
of  the  act,  and  in  these  regulations,  is  the  original  package,  carton, 
case,  can,  box,  barrel,  bottle  or  other  container  put  up  by  the  manu- 
facturer or  dealer,  to  which  the  label  is  attached  or  which  may  be 
suitable  for  the  attachment  of  a  label,  making  one  complete  pack- 
age of  the  article  of  insecticide  or  fungicide.  The  original  package 
contemplated  includes  both  the  wholesale  and  the  retail  package. 

Regulation  2.     Definitions  of  Insect  and  Fungi. 
(Section  2.) 

Insect.  The  term  ' 'insect"  as  used  in  Section  2,  or  elsewhere 
in  the  act,  and  in  these  regulations,  is  held  to  mean  any  of  the 
numerous  small  invertebrate  animals  generally  having  the  body 
more  or  less  obviously  segmented,  for  the  most  part  belonging 
to  the  class  Insecta,  comprising  six-legged,  usually  winged  forms, 
as  beetles,  bugs,  bees,  flies,  etc.,  and  to  other  allied  classes  of 
arthropods  whose  members  are  wingless  and  usually  have  more 


364  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   258. 

than  six  legs,  as  spiders,  mites,  ticks,  centipedes,  wood  lice,  etc. 
(F.  R.  14.) 

Fungi.  The  term  "fungi",  as  used  in  Section  2,  or  elsewhere  in 
the  act,  and  in  these  regulations,  is  held  to  mean  all  nonchloro- 
phyll-bearing  plants  of  a  lower  order  than  mosses  and  liverworts 
(i.e.  nonchlorophyll-bearingthallophytes),  comprising  rusts,  smuts, 
mildews,  molds,  yeasts,  bacteria,  etc.    (F.R.  14a.) 

Regulation  3.     Concerning  Labels. 

(Section  4.) 

(a)  The  term  "label"  as  used  in  Section  4,  or  elsewhere  in  the 
act,  and  in  these  regulations,  is  held  to  include  any  legend,  descrip- 
tive matter  or  design  printed,  stenciled,  stamped,  seared  or  im- 
pressed upon  the  article  or  its  container  and  also  to  include  cir- 
culars, pamphlets,  etc.,  which  are  packed  and  go  with  the  article 
to  the  purchaser.     (F.R.  10.) 

(b)  Whenever,  by  the  terms  of  the  act,  information  is  required 
to  be  stated  upon  the  label  of  an  insecticide  or  fungicide,  such 
as  the  statement  of  percentage  of  arsenic  contained  therein,  a 
label  must  be  placed  on  the  article  in  order  that  the  statement 
can  be  made  and  the  omission  of  a  label  does  not  excuse  the 
absence  of  the  required  statement.     (F.R.  11.) 

(c)  All  information  required  to  be  given  on  the  label  must  be 
plainly  and  correctly  stated  in  type  sufficiently  clear  and  in  posi- 
tion sufficiently  prominent  to  attract  the  immediate  attention 
of  the  purchaser.     (F.R.  12.) 

(d)  Descriptive  matter  upon  the  label  must  be  free  from  any 
statement,  design  or  device  regarding  the  article  or  the  ingredients 
or  substances  contained  therein,  or  regarding  the  quality  or 
effects  thereof,  which  is  false  or  misleading  in  anv  particular. 
(F.R.15.) 

(e)  The  use  of  any  false  or  misleading  statement,  design  or 
device  appearing  upon  the  label  shall  not  be  justified  by  any 
statement  given  as  the  opinion  of  an  expert  or  other  person,  nor 
by  any  descriptive  matter  explaining  the  use  of  the  false  or  mis- 
leading statement,  design  or  device.     (F.R.  17.) 

Regulation  4.  Concerning  the  Name  and   Address  of  the 

Manufacturer. 

(Section  5.) 

The  name  of  the  manufacturer  or  producer  or  the  place  of 
manufacture  is  not  required  to  be  given  upon  the  label,  but  if 
given  it  must  be  the  true  name  and  true  place.  If  the  name 
appearing  upon  the  label  is  not  that  of  the  actual  manufacturer 
or  producer  it  shall  be  preceded  by  the  words  "Packed  for.  . . .," 
"Distributed  by ,"   or  some  equivalent   phrase.     In  case 


TEXT    OF   THE    LAW.  365 

no  name  appears  the  dealer  is  held  responsible  unless  he  can  fur- 
nish a  guaranty  from  the  wholesaler,  jobber  or  manufacturer  as 
provided  in  Section  5  of  the  act. 

Regulation  5.     Concerning  the  Collection  of  Samples. 

(Section  7.) 

Section  7  of  the  act  provides  that  duly  authorized  agents  of  the 
Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  or  of  the  Dairy 
and  Food  Commissioner  may  take  duplicate  samples  of  any 
insecticide  or  fungicide  upon  tendering  the  market  price  thereof. 

Such  samples  shall  be  representative  of  the  lot  or  parcel  sampled. 
In  the  case  of  bulk  goods  the  sample  shall  be  divided  in  two  parts 
each  sealed,  dated  and  marked  for  identification.  In  case  of  goods  in 
package  form  if  each  package  be  2  pounds  or  less  in  weight  or  1 
quart  or  less  in  volume,  two  packages  may  be  taken  each  sealed, 
dated  and  marked  for  identification.  If  packages  are  more  than 
2  pounds  in  weight  or  more  than  1  quart  in  volume,  a  sample 
may  be  taken  in  whatever  way  is  most  practicable,  divided  into 
two  parts,  each  sealed,  dated  and  marked  for  identification.  In 
all  cases  one  of  the  duplicate  samples  shall  be  delivered  by  the 
sampling  agent  to  the  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  for  analysis  and  the  other  left  with  the  person  whose  stock 
is  sampled. 

Regulation  6.     Concerning  Methods  of  Analysis. 

(Section  7.) 

The  methods  of  analysis  employed  shall  be  those  prescribed 
by  the  Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists  or  other 
approved  methods. 

An  Act  Concerning  the  Manufacture,  Sale  and  Transportation 
of  Adulterated  or  Misbranded  Insecticides  and 
Fungicides. 

(Chapter  258,  Public  Acts  of  1923.) 

Section  1.  No  person  shall  manufacture,  sell,  offer  or  expose  for  sale 
any  Paris  green,  lead  arsenate  or  other  insecticide  or  any  fungicide  which 
is  adulterated  or  misbranded  within  the  meaning  of  this  act. 

Sec.  2.  The  Term  "insecticide"  shall  include  any  substance  or  mix- 
ture of  substances  intended  to  destroy  or  repel  insects.  The  term  "Paris 
green"  shall  include  the  product  commercially  known  as  Paris  green 
and  chemically  known  as  aceto-arsenite  of  copper.  The  term  "lead 
arsenate"  shall  include  the  products  commercially  known  as  lead  arse- 
nate consisting  chemically  of  products  derived  from  arsenic  acid  (H3As04) 
by  replacing  one  or  more  hydrogen  atoms  by  lead.  The  term  "fungicide" 
shall  include  any  substance  or  mixture  of  substances  intended  to  lessen 
the  growth  of  or  destroy  fungi. 

Sec.  3.  Paris  green  shall  be  deemed  adulterated:  (a)  when  it  shall 
not  contain  at  least  fifty  per  centum  of  arsenious  oxide  (AS2O3) ;  (b)  when 
it  shall  contain  arsenic  in  water-soluble  forms  equivalent  to  more  than 


366  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT    STATION  BULLETIN   258. 

three  and  one-half  per  centum  arsenious  oxide  (AS2O3);  or  (c)  when  any 
substance  shall  have  been  mixed  and  packed  with  it  so  as  to  reduce, 
lower  or  injuriously  affect  its  quality  or  strength.  Lead  arsenate,  not 
dry  or  powdered,  shall  be  deemed  adulterated:  (a)  When  it  shall  contain 
more  than  fifty  per  centum  of  water;  (b)  when  it  shall  contain  total 
arsenic  equivalent  to  less  than  twelve  and  one-half  per  centum  arsenic  oxide 
(AS2O5) ;  (c)  when  it  shall  contain  arsenic  in  water-soluble  forms  equiva- 
lent to  more  than  seventy-five  one-hundredths  per  centum  arsenic  oxide 
(AS2O5) ;  or  (d)  when  any  substance  shall  have  been  mixed  and  packed 
with  it  so  as  to  reduce,  lower  or  injuriously  affect  its  quality  or  strength; 
provided  lead  arsenate  and  water  shall  not  be  deemed  to  be  adulterated 
when  such  mixture  shall  contain  more  than  fifty  per  centum  of  water  if 
such  mixture  shall  be  labeled  lead  arsenate  and  water  and  the  percentage 
of  water  shall  be  plainly  and  correctly  stated  on  the  label.  Dry  or  pow- 
dered lead  arsenate  shall  be  deemed  adulterated  when  it  shall  contain 
total  arsenic  equivalent  to  less  than  twenty-five  per  centum  of  arsenic 
oxide  (As2Ob)  and  arsenic  in  water-soluable  forms  equivalent  to  more  than 
one  and  one-half  per  centum  of  arsenic  oxide  (AS2O5).  Insecticides  and 
fungicides  other  than  Paris  green  and  lead  arsenate  shall  be  deemed 
adulterated:  (a)  When  the  strength  or  purity  shall  fall  below  the  stan- 
dard or  quality  under  which  it  shall  be  sold;  (b)  when  any  substance 
shall  have  been  substituted  wholly  or  in  part  for  the  article  described; 
(c)  when  any  valuable  constituent  of  the  article  shall  have  been  wholly 
or  in  part  abstracted;  or  (d)  when  it  shall  be  intended  for  use  on  vegeta- 
tion and  shall  contain  any  substance  which,  although  destroying  or 
repelling  insects  or  lessening  the  growth  of  or  destroying  fungi,  shall 
be  injurious  to  vegetation  upon  which  it  may  be  used. 

Sec.  4.  The  term  "misbranded,"  as  used  in  this  act,  shall  apply  to 
any  insecticide  or  fungicide,  or  any  article  which  shall  enter  into  the 
composition  of  any  insecticide  or  fungicide,  the  package  or  label  of  which 
shall  bear  any  statement,  design  or  device  regarding  such  article  or  any 
ingredient  or  substance  contained  therein  which  shall  be  false  or  misleading 
in  any  particular,  including  any  statement,  design  or  device  which  shall 
be  false  or  misleading  as  to  the  place  of  manufacture  thereof.  Any 
insecticide,  other  than  Paris  green  or  lead  arsenate,  and  any  fungicide 
shall  be  deemed  misbranded:  (a)  When  it  shall  contain  arsenic  in  any  of 
its  combinations  or  in  the  elemental  form  and  the  amount  of  arsenic 
present  shall  not  be  stated  on  the  label  as  the  per  centum  of  metallic 
arsenic;  (b)  when  it  shall  contain  arsenic  in  any  of  its  combinations  or  in 
the  elemental  form  and  the  amount  of  arsenic  in  water-soluble  forms 
shall  not  be  stated  on  the  label  as  the  per  centum  of  metallic  arsenic; 
(c)  when  it  shall  consist  partially  or  completely  of  any  inert  ingredient 
which  shall  not  destroy  or  repel  insects  or  lessen  the  growth  of  or  destroy 
fungi  and  shall  not  have  the  name  and  percentage  amount  of  each  of 
such  inert  ingredients  plainly  and  correctly  stated  on  the  labei;  provided, 
in  lieu  of  naming  and  stating  the  percentage  amount  of  each  inert  ingre- 
dient, the  producer  may,  at  his  discretion,  state  plainly  on  the  label  the 
correct  name  and  percentage  amount  of  each  ingredient  of  the  insecti- 
cide or  fungicide  having  insecticidal  or  fungicidal  properties  and,  make 
no  mention  of  the  inert  ingredients  except  to  state  the  total  percentage 
thereof. 

Sec.  5.  The  dairy  and  food  commissioner  and  the  director  of  the 
Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  acting  jointly,  shall  make 
all  necessary  rules  and  regulations  for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  such  rules  and  regulations  to  conform,  where  possible,  to  the  rules 
and  regulations  of  the  government  of  the  United  States  authorized  by 
the  federal  insecticide  act  of  1910.  Upon  complaint  or  information  of  a 
violation  of  any  provision  of  this  act,  submitted  by  the  Connecticut 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  said  commissioner  and  said  director 
shall  hold  a  hearing  thereon,  giving  reasonable  notice  and  opportunity 


TEXT    OF   THE    LAW.  367 

to  any  person  accused  of  any  violation  hereof  to  be  present  and  be  heard* 
If  said  commissioner  and  said  director  shall  be  of  the  opinion  that  any 
person  shall  have  committed  a  violation  of  any  provision  of  this  act,  they 
shall  place  all  evidence  thereof  which  they  shall  have  secured  with  any 
prosecuting  authority  having  jurisdiction;  but  no  person  shall  be  penalized 
under  the  provisions  of  this  act  for  selling  or  offering  for  sale  any  article 
of  insecticide  or  fungicide  in  the  original  unbroken  package  in  which  it 
was  received  by  him,  provided  he  shall  establish  a  guaranty  by  the  whole- 
saler, jobber,  manufacturer  or  other  person  residing  in  the  United  States, 
from  whom  any  such  article  shall  have  been  purchased,  that  such  article 
is  not  adulterated  or  misbranded  within  the  meaning  of  this  act,  which 
guaranty  shall  contain  the  name  and  address  of  the  guarantor,  but  such 
guarantor  shall  be  amenable  to  prosecution  and  penalties. 

Sec.  6.  Any  person  manufacturing,  selling,  offering  or  exposing  for 
sale  any  insecticide  or  fungicide  in  violation  of  any  provision  of  this  act 
shall  be  firmed  not  more  than  two  hundred  dollars  for  the  first  offense  and 
not  more  than  three  hundred  dollars  for  each  subsequent  offense. 

Sec.  7.  The  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  or  the 
dairy  and  food  commissioner,  or  both,  or  their  deputies,  may,  upon 
tendering  the  market  price  thereof,  take  duplicate  samples  from  any  lot, 
parcel  or  package  of  insecticide  or  fungicide  which  may  be  in  the  posses- 
sion of  any  person.  Each  such  sample  shall  be  taken  in  the  presence  of 
the  owner  or  his  representative,  and  shall  be  sealed  and  properly  marked 
for  identification.  One  of  such  samples  shall  be  left  with  the  person  from 
whom  taken  and  the  other  shall  be  retained  by  the  official  taking  the  same, 
The  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  shall  annually 
analyze  at  least  one  sample  of  each  brand  of  insecticide  or  fungicide  so 
collected  and  such  analysis  shall  include  determinations  of  the  active 
ingredients  which  the  article  contains,  with  such  other  determinations 
as  may  be  deemed  advisable.  Results  of  such  analyses  shall  be  published 
in  the  bulletins  of  said  Connecticut  Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 
with  such  information  regarding  the  character,  composition  and  use 
thereof  as  may  be  of  interest  or  importance.  Such  bulletins  shall  be 
issued  annually  or  at  such  other  intervals  as  may  be  deemed  advisable. 


368  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   258. 

Part  II.     Examination  of  Insecticides, 
Fungicides,  Etc. 

E.  M.  Bailey* 

INTRODUCTION 

The  Legislature  of  1923  passed  an  act  concerning  the  manu- 
facture, sale  and  transportation  of  adulterated  insecticides  and 
fungicides.  The  text  of  the  law  and  regulations,  made  as  provided 
therein  for  its  enforcement,  are  given  in  Part  I  of  this  report. 
Both  the  law  and  such  regulations  as  have  been  made  are  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  the  federal  law  and  regulations  so  that 
articles  of  this  class  which  satisfy  the  requirements  of  interstate 
commerce  will  be  accepted  in  this  State. 

The  law  requires  this  Station  to  make  analyses  of  samples  which 
may  be  collected  by  the  Dairy  Commissioner  or  by  our  Station 
agent.  Evidence  of  adulteration  or  misbranding  is  required  to  be 
reported  to  the  Dairy  Commissioner  who  is  responsible  for  enforce- 
ment of  the  law.  Analyses  and  such  other  information  regarding 
the  character,  composition  and  use  of  these  materials  as  may  be  of 
interest  are  required  to  be  published  in  bulletins  of  this  station, 
either  annually  or  at  other  intervals  as  may  be  advisable.  The 
law  carries  no  specific  appropriation  for  the  inspection  work  and 
a  complete  survey  of  the  entire  field  of  insecticides  and  fungicides 
each  year  is  not  thought  to  be  advisable  or  necessary. 

An  inspection  was  made  in  1922  the  results  of  which  have  been 
published.1  Since  then  no  general  official  inspection  has  been 
made  but  a  few  samples  have  been  collected  by  our  Station  agent 
and  others  have  been  submitted  by  the  departments  of  Ento- 
mology and  of  Botany  of  this  Station  and  by  others  interested. 
Part  II  of  this  report  gives  the  results  of  the  examination  of  these 
samples. 

The  report  includes  a  special  analytical  study  of  healthy  and  of 
diseased  plants,  chiefly  tobacco.  This  work  was  done  in  collabora- 
tion with  the  Department  of  Botany  in  connection  with  their 
studies  in  vegetable  pathology.  Though  not  immediately  con- 
nected with  the  purpose  of  this  bulletin  the  results  are  recorded 
here  as  of  interest. 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  MATERIALS. 
The  samples  analyzed  may  be  classified  as  follows: 


*With  the  collaboration  of  Messrs.  Andrew,  Fisher,  Nolan  and  Shepard. 
1.  Conn.  Exp.  Sta.,  Bull.  242,  1922. 


EXAMINATION    OF    INSECTICIDES,    FUNGICIDES,    ETC.  369 

Material  No.  of  samples. 

Lead  arsenate 3 

Casein  spreaders 5 

Copper  dusts,  etc 4 

Sulphur  preparations 6 

Nicotine  preparations  and  tobacco 18 

Tobacco,  etc.  healthy  and  diseased 12 

Lime,  for  spraying 4 

Miscellaneous 15 

Total 67 


METHODS  OF  ANALYSIS. 

The  methods  of  analysis  employed  are  those  authorized  bj'  the 
Association  of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists  unless  otherwise 
stated. 

RESULTS  OF  INSPECTION  AND  ANALYSIS. 
Arsenate  of  Lead. 

21588.  A  sample  of  dry  arsenate  of  lead  was  submitted  by  the 
department  of  Botany  in  connection  with  an  investigation  of 
foliage  injury  after  spraying.  The  sample  was  of  normal  compo- 
sition and  the  amount  of  water-soluble  arsenic  was  not  excessive. 

Analysis:  Total  lead  oxide  (PbO),  63.34  per  cent;  total  arsenic  (AS2O5), 
32.16  per  cent;  water-soluble  arsenic  (AS0O5),  0.30  per  cent. 

Two  other  samples  were  examined.  One,  21437,  contained  an 
excess  of  water-soluble  arsenic,  viz.,  1.78  per  cent,  as  As205,  the 
limit  for  water-soluble  arsenic  being  1.50.  per  cent.  The  other 
sample,  23303,  was  submitted  for  identification.  It  was  shown  to 
be  lead  arsenate  containing  only  0.50  per  cent,  of  water-soluble 
arsenic  as  As205. 

Casein  Spreaders,  "Calcium  Caseinate." 

Five  samples  representing  three  different  brands  have  been 
examined. 

Table  I.     Analyses  of  "Calcium  Caseinate". 

No.  Brand  and  Manufacturer  Nitrogen     Casein  Lime 

%       (Nx6.38)      (CaO) 
22487     A-7-ML     Casein  Mfg.  Co., 

New  York 7.92       50.53       27.27 

22601  Kayso     California  Central  Creameries, 

San  Francisco,  Cal 3.26       20.80       48.25 

22602  Red  Diamond     Rosin  &  Co., 

Philadelphia,  Pa 2.98       19.01       55.26 

22731      Red  Diamond     Rosin  &  Co., 

Philadelphia,  Pa 3.36       21.44       52.56 

22614     Red  Diamond     Rosin  &  Co., 

Philadelphia,  Pa 3.59       22.90       44.11 


370  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   258. 

These  materials  are  mechanical  mixtures  of  casein  and  lime  in 
varying  proportions  and  are  not  casemates  in  the  chemical  sense 
of  that  term.  They  are  used  to  facilitate  the  distribution  of  spray 
materials  uniformly  over  the  surface  of  foliage. 

Four  of  the  samples  examined  contain  casein  and  lime  in  roughly 
the  same  proportions;  the  other  sample  shows  a  much  greater 
proportion  of  casein. 

Copper  Dusts,  Etc. 

21416.  Niagara,  D  25  Potato  Dust.  Made  by  the  Niagara 
Sprayer  Co.,  Middleport,  N.  Y.  This  was  guaranteed  to  contain 
8.6  per  cent,  of  copper  (metallic),  equivalent  to  24.0  per  cent, 
monohydrated  copper  sulphate;  inert  76  per  cent.  Copper  found 
was  8.9  per  cent. 

21414.  Dosch  B-12  Green  Copper  Arsenic  Dust.  Made  by  the 
Dosch  Chemical  Co.,  Louisville,  Ky.  The  active  ingredients 
guaranteed  are  copper  (as  metallic),  not  less  than  5.75  per  cent, 
and  arsenic  (as  metallic),  not  less  than  2.75  per  cent.  Copper 
found  was  5.79  per  cent,  and  arsenic  3.39  per  cent.  Arsenic  is 
present  as  calcium  arsenate. 

209C3.  Sanders'  Dust.  Sample  was  submitted  by  a  purchaser. 
It  contained  6.10  per  cent,  of  copper  (as  metallic),  and  2.93  per 
cent,  of  arsenic  (as  metallic) .  Arsenic  was  found  to  be  combined 
with  calcium. 

21264.  Bordeaux  powder.  Sample  sent  by  County  Agent  J.  H. 
Fay.  It  was  found  to  contain  14.34  per  cent,  of  copper  (as  metal- 
lic). 

Sulphur  Preparations. 

21415.  Niagara  90-10  Dusting  Mixture  (Pomodusi).  Made 
by  the  Niagara  Sprayer  Co.,  Middleport,  N.  Y.  The  active 
ingredients  declared  were  sulphur  not  less  than  88  per  cent.,  lead 
arsenate  not  less  than  9.80  per  cent.,  total  arsenic  (as  metallic), 
not  less  than  1.95  per  cent,  and  water-soluble  arsenic  (as  metallic), 
not  over  0.5  per  cent. 

Partial  analysis  showed  87.79  per  cent,  of  sulphur,  1.84  per  cent. 
of  total  arsenic  (as  metallic),  and  0.24  per  cent,  of  water-soluble 
arsenic  (as  metallic),  which  conforms  substantially  with  the 
guaranty. 

21413.  Niagara  Soluble  Sulphur  Compound.  Made  by  the 
Niagara  Sprayer  Co.,  Middleport,  N.  Y.  The  sample  examined 
was  not  an  original  package  and  the  analysis  does  not  fairly  repre- 
sent the  composition  of  the  fresh  material.  Polysulphides  readily 
oxidize  on  exposure  to  air  and  pass  into  less  active  combinations. 
The  composition  of  the  original  material  was  declared  to  be: 
sodium  polysulphide  40  per  cent.,  sodium  thiosulphate,  18  per 
cent.,  free  sulphur  3  per  cent,  and  inert  ingredients,  39  per  cent. 
The  amount  of  total  sulphur  found  (41.4  per  cent.),  agreed  closely 


EXAMINATION   OF    INSECTICIDES,    FUNGICIDES,    ETC.  371 

with  that  calculated  from  the  ingredients  declared,  assuming 
polysulphide  to  be  as  pentasulphide,  but  its  distribution  was 
largely  as  thiosulphate  and  free  sulphur.  Directions  properly 
caution  against  undue  exposure  of  the  material  before  using. 

21417.  Niagara  Dusting  Sulphur.  Sulfodust.  Made  by  the 
Niagara  Sprayer  Co.,  Middleport,  N.  Y.  The  material  contained 
92.4  per  cent,  of  sulphur  which  conformed  substantially  to  the 
guaranty  of  93  per  cent,  with  inert  ingredients,  7  per  cent. 

22645.  Solbar.  Made  by  Bayer  Company,  New  York.  This 
is  a  "brand  of  barium  sulphide  compound  for  plant  protection 
(polysulphide  of  barium)." 

Analysis:  Soluble  in  cold  water  59.58  per  cent;  sulphide  sulphur  15.04 
per  cent;  thiosulphate  sulphur  2.55  per  cent;  total  soluble  sulphur  17.59 
per  cent;  total  soluble  barium  (BaO),  43.42  per  cent;  insoluble  sulphur 
6.13  per  cent;  insoluble  barium  9.35  per  cent. 

The  soluble  portion  consists  chiefly  of  barium  sulphide  or  poly- 
sulphide and  barium  thiosulphate. 

22697.  Colloidal  Sulphur.  This  was  a  sulphur  paste,  manu- 
facturer unknown,  containing  36.3  per  cent,  of  sulphur. 

22532.  Lime-sidphur  solution.  This  sample  submitted  by  a 
purchaser  was  of  average  composition.  It  had  a  specific  gravity 
at  15.6°  C  of  32  (Baume),  and  contained  25.53  per  cent,  of  sulphur. 

Nicotine  Products. 

21258.  Niagara  New  Nicotine  Contact  Mixture  D-l.  Made  by 
the  Niagara  Sprayer  Co.,  Middleport,  N.  Y.  This  dusting  mixture 
is  guaranteed  to  contain  1.25  per  cent,  of  nicotine  and  98.75  per 
cent,  of  inert  ingredients.  It  contained  1.43  per  cent,  of  nicotine 
(as  alkaloid). 

21129  and  21130.  Nicotine  dusts.  Samples  were  submitted 
by  a  purchaser.  No.  21129  was  a  white  powder  containing  1.51 
per  cent,  of  nicotine  (alkaloid) ;  96  per  cent,  of  the  material  passed 
a  200  mesh  sieve.  No.  21130  was  a  brown  powder  which  con- 
tained 0.72  per  cent,  of  nicotine  (alkaloid);  77.5  per  cent,  passed 
a  200  mesh  sieve. 

21831.  Axfixo.  Heightstown  Hardware  Co.,  Heightstown, 
N.  J.  Declared  to  contain  not  less  than  1.25  per  cent,  nicotine; 
inert  98.75  per  cent. 

Analysis:  Total  ash  96.50  per  cent;  insoluble  ash  1.28  per  cent;  lime 
(CaO),  31.85  per  cent;  magnesia  (MgO),  23.57  per  cent;  nicotine  1.47 
per  cent. 

On  exposure  to  air  in  open  container  at  room  temperature  the 
following  amounts  of  nicotine  were  foimd  at  the  intervals  stated: 
After  24  hours  1.07  per  cent.;  5  days,  0.35  per  cent.;  10  days  0.18 
per  cent.;    15  days  0.12  per  cent. 


Moisture 

% 

4.06 

Nitrogen 
% 

3.85 

Nicotine 
% 

0.68 

Potash 
(K,0) 

% 

Phosphoric 
acicUPsOs) 

% 

1.00 

5.09 

3.85 

0.78 

5!37 

0.86 

5.09 

1.72 

0.26 

3.69 

0.45 

3.61 

3.02 

0.60 

4.53 

0.90 

372       connecticut  experiment  station  bulletin  258. 

Tobacco. 

Four  samples  of  tobacco  grown  at  the  Tobacco  Station  at  Wind- 
sor were  examined  as  follows: 

Table  II.     Analyses  of  Tobacco. 
(Air-dry  material) 
No.  Material 

19917  Broadleaf  suckers.  . 

19918  Leaves,  shade  grown 
19920  Stalks,  shade  grown 

19919  Havana 

Six  samples  of  tobacco  grown  at  Storrs  were  analyzed  for  ash^ 
nitrogen  and  nicotine.    Results  are  given  in  Table  III. 

Table  III.     Analyses  op  Tobacco. 
(Moisture-free  basis). 

No.  Material  Ash 

% 

22576  Rustica,  without  tops  or  suckers.  ...  23.63 

22577  Rustica,  tops  and  suckers 29 .  16 

22578  Rustica,  with  tops,  without  suckers  .  25 .  52 

22579  Rustica,  without  tops  or  suckers.  ...  16.08 

22580  Rustica,  with  tops,  without  suckers.  13.91 

22581  Rustica,  tops  and  suckers 17.68 

Four  other  samples  of  tobacco  were  analyzed  in  connection 
with  the  study  of  a  method  for  determining  nicotine.  One  of 
these  was  smoking  tobacco  (Bull  Durham),  the  analysis  of  which 
is  as  follows: 

20175.  Moisture  7.23  per  cent;  ash  14.03  per  cent;  ash  insoluble  in 
acid  1.42  per  cent;  phosphoric  acid  in  soluble  ash  3.68  per  cent;  nitrogen 
2.20  per  cent;  nicotine  2.60  per  cent. 


Nitrogen 
% 

3.89 

Nicotine 
% 

6.57 

3.05 

2.49 

3.22 

4.90 

3.78 

1.65 

3.38 

1.44 

4.13 

1.38 

Comparative    Analyses  of   Healthy   and    of   Diseased 
(Calicoed)  Leaves  of  Tobacco,  Tomato  and  Petunia. 

These  analyses  of  normal  and  of  calicoed  leaves  were  made 
primarily  for  the  benefit  of  the  Department  of  Botany  of  this 
Station  in  connection  with  their  studies  in  plant  pathology. 

The  leaves  were  selected  from  relatively  the  same  positions  on 
the  stalks  in  order  that  they  might  be  of  as  nearly  equal  age  and 
development  as  possible.  The  material  was  then  dried  in  a 
current  of  warm  air  and  the  air  dry  substance  used  for  analysis. 
Results  were  calculated  (a)  to  the  basis  of  the  fresh  green  leaf,  and 
(b)  to  the  water-free  material. 

Generalities  cannot,  of  course,  be  based  upon  such  a  limited 
number  of  analyses.  The  natural  variations  which  may  occur  in 
the  composition  of  healthy  leaves  and  of  diseased  leaves  must  be 


EXAMINATION    OF    INSECTICIDES,    FUNGICIDES,    ETC.  373 

reasonably  established  before  attempting  to  compare  the  one  type 
with  the  other  too  minutely.  However,  the  analytical  data,  which 
is  in  some  detail,  is  of  interest.  The  nitrogen  content  of  all  the 
diseased  plants  was  found  to  to  be  higher  than  that  of  the  healthy 
leaves;  and  it  generally  holds  that  the  carbohydrates  are  lower  in 
the  diseased  leaves.  Making  allowance  for  ash  insoluble  in  acid 
(sand,  etc.),  the  results  indicate  that  the  diseased  leaves  are 
somewhat  poorer  in  mineral  constituents  than  the  healthy  leaves 
but  the  evidence  is  not  altogether  consistent.  Differences  between 
the  separate  ash  constituents  are  either  so  inconspicuous  as  to 
magnitude,  or  so  inconsistent  as  to  value  (+  or  — ),  that  no  exact 
conclusions  seem  warranted.    Analyses  are  given  in  Table  IV. 

Two  other  samples  of  healthy  and  of  diseased  leaves  of  tobacco 
were  analyzed  less  completely  as  follows : 

Healthv  leaves  Calicoed  leaves 

19992  19993 

%  % 

Moisture 4.88  4.98 

Ash 23.33  18.82 

Nitrogen 3 .  36  5 .  34 

Nicotine 0.96  0.92 


Lime  for  Spraying. 

Four  samples  were  submitted  by  purchasers  chiefly  to  determine 
whether  the}-  contained  much  magnesia.  For  spraying  purposes 
calcific  lime  is  preferred.  Three  of  the  samples  examined  were 
of  the  dolomitic  tvpe,  containing  28  to  32  per  cent,  of  magnesia 
(MgO). 

Miscellaneous  Materials. 

20808.  Schnarr's  Insecticide.  Made  by  the  Van  Antwerp 
Drug  Corporation,  Mobile,  Ala. 

Analysis:  Moisture  33.68  per  cent;  ash  1.44  per  cent;  total  fatty 
acids  8.25  per  cent;  free  fatty  acids  (as  oleic  acid),  0.77  per  cent;  mineral 
oil  49.13  per  cent. 

The  preparation  is  a  paste  consisting  of,  or  containing,  mineral 
oil  emulsified  with  soap.  Other  active  ingredients,  if  present,  not 
identified. 

20715.  Keresol.     Claasen,  Murfit  and  Co.,  Philadelphia. 

Analysis:  Ash  1.30  per  cent;  phenol  4.15  per  cent;  light  oil  (kerosene), 
80  per  cent;  residual  (largely  soap),  12  per  cent  (approx.). 

The  partial  analysis  indicates  that  the  preparation  consists 
essentially  of  an  emulsion  of  kerosene  and  soap  containing  phenol. 

20716.  Sun  Miscible  Oil.     Sun  Co.,  Boston  and  New  York. 

Analysis:  Ash  2.85  per  cent;  unsaponifiable  79  per  cent;  saponified 
fatty  material  16  per  cent. 


374 


CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION 


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376  CONNECTICUT   EXPERIMENT   STATION  BULLETIN   258. 

This  preparation  appears  to  be  a  mixture  of  mineral  oil  and  a 
sodium  soap. 

22855.  Verm-O-Spray.  Verm-O-Spray  Products  Co.,  West 
Haven,  Conn. 

Analysis:  Sp.  Gr.  at  15.6°  C.  0.8825;  ash  trace;  flash  point  61.0°C 
(142°F);  fire  point  64°C.  (147°F);  salicylate  present. 

This  preparation  consists  of,  or  contains,  chiefly  kerosene  and 
methyl  salicylate.  Other  active  ingredients,  if  present,  not  identi- 
fied. 

20811.  Roach  Liquid.  The  Pied  Piper  Service,  Providence, 
R.I. 

The  sample  submitted  appeared  to  be  largely  kerosene  and 
methyl  salicylate.  Other  active  ingredients,  if  present,  were  not 
identified. 

20809.  Roach  Powder.  The  Pied  Piper  Service,  Providence, 
R.I. 

Analysis:  Moisture  14.57  per  cent;  nitrogen  0.5  per  cent,  equivalent 
to  protein  3.13  per  cent;  starch  13.73  per  cent;  ash  40.60  per  cent;  sodium 
oxide  (Na20),  18.89  per  cent;  boron  oxide  (B203),  18.32  per  cent;  chlorine 
5.12  per  cent;  silica,  iron,  sulphate,  phosphate,  traces. 

The  preparation  consists  essentially  of  a  cereal,  or  other  starchy 
material,  with  borax  and  salt.  Active  ingredients  other  than 
borax,  if  present,  were  not  detected. 

20112.  Herbicide.  Reade  Manufacturing  Co.,  Jersey  City, 
N.  J.  This  is  sold  as  a  weed  exterminator.  It  is  a  green  alkaline 
solution. 

Analysis:  Solids  31.09  per  cent;  arsenic  (as  As203),  24.30  per  cent; 
sodium  arsenite  (NaAs02),  calculated  from  As203=31.9  per  cent. 

The  preparation  is  essentially  a  solution  of  sodium  arsenite. 

21127.  Be- Health.  General  Laboratories,  Madison,  Wis. 
This  is  a  special  sodium  hypochlorite  solution  prepared  for  treat- 
ing foul  brood  in  bees.  Active  ingredients  declared  8.50  per  cent; 
inert  91.50  per  cent. 

Analysis:  Available  chlorine  3.77  gms.  per  100  cc;  total  chlorine  3.81 
gms.  per  100  cc;  sodium  hypochlorite  (NaOCL),  equivalent  to  available 
chlorine  3.96  gms.  per  100  cc;  sulphates  trace;  calcium  none. 

Available  chlorine  determined  33  days  after  the  first  analysis 
was  made  showed  3.70  gms.  per  100  cc,  indicating  practically 
no  deterioration  in  that  length  of  time.  During  the  interval 
the  solution  remained  corked  in  the  original  container  at  ordinary 
room  temperature.  Assuming  the  active  ingredient  to  be  sodium 
hypochlorite  the  guaranty  is  more  than  twice  as  high  as  it  should 
be. 

20391  and  20404.  Qijkade.  The  Chlorine  Products  Co.,  New 
York.     Solution  of  chlorine. 


EXAMINATION   OF    INSECTICIDES,    FUNGICIDES,    ETC.  377 

Analysis:  20391.  Total  solids  1.26  gms.  per  100  cc;  available  chlorine 
0.40  gm.  per  100  cc;  total  chlorine  0.71  gm.  per  100  cc;  lime  (CaO),  0.64 
gm.  per  100  cc.     20404.    Available  chlorine  0.37  gm.  per  100  cc. 

Available  chlorine  determined  in  20391  about  40  daj^s  after  the 
first  analysis  showed  available  chlorine  of  0.37  gm.  per  100  cc. 
The  solution  contains  a  mixture  of  calcium  hypochlorite  and 
calcium  chloride. 

21714,  21834.  Star  Water;  and  21837  Wescco  Bleaching  Water. 
These  are  disinfectant  and  bleaching  solutions  the  active  agent 
being  the  available  chlorine  which  was  determined  to  be  2.43, 
2.84  and  2.89  gms.  per  100  cc,  in  the  order  named.  The  Wescco 
product  bore  no  statement  of  active  ingredient. 

20459.  Unknown  material  submitted  for  identification  was 
found  to  be  copper  cyanide. 

20810.  Rat  exterminator.  This  was  a  preparation  with  a 
cereal  or  starchy  base  in  which  the  active  ingredient  was  not  identi- 
fied.   No  alkaloidal  poisons  were  detected. 


5388     Ui 


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